how much benadryl will kill a cat

In such conditions, they wake up; perhaps it was not the right time for them. Some examples to quote would be Pentobarbital which helps put the cat to rest in a matter of minutes. The syringe should be used to measure liquid Benadryl. There are multiple signs of Benadryl overdose. If the vet says you can cure your pet with proper care and regular medication its good. .medication-table .table-row .item{ 2 to three doses of aspirin will put them to sleep in a peaceful manner, and 4 to 5 doses of aspirin can do it in a quick way. Although some cats become drowsy when taking Benadryl, others become amped up. Finally, these were some of the facts relating to how to euthanize a cat at home. The price for euthanasia itself can vary based on these factors: You should also be prepared for secondary costs, including: Although euthanasia by itself is not very expensive, it can become yet another bill on top of a slew of other veterinary charges. Fruits and Vegetables for Dogs Can or Cant Eat | Dog Food Ideas, Why Are Robin Eggs Blue? Overdosing the cats with aspirin is a painless way to put them to sleep for a lifetime. Jackie is the former editor of numerous pet magazines and is a regular contributor to pet magazines and websites. Ans:You just have to bring your pet to the vet and let them examine its condition. Know The Facts About How Much are Male Calico Cats Worth? It is difficult to say as the euthanasia cost can vary depending on the utility of services. If possible, take the medication from a veterinarian. The process is ordinarily painless. Did a vet confirm these dosages? If you feel that there are negative results of all the above points, then perhaps your cat might need a euthanizing procedure to end its life peacefully. The recommended dose of Benadryl for cats is 1mg/pound of body weight, given 2-3 times a day. .medication-table .table-row .item{ I hope your cat feels better soon! Most veterinarians will place an IV catheter and secure it in place to ensure the euthanasia solution goes into the veins where it will put your cat down quickly and painlessly. It is a procedure that will help relieve pain and the end of life. Its normally administered by an IV in one of their thighs. Every pet and owners situation is different, so it is important not to feel guilty if you are unable to be there. You can buy flavoured Benadryl, but the dose you give to a cat should not exceed 20 mg. If you are using Benadryl because your cat is having an allergic reaction or experiencing itchy skin, always follow up with your veterinarian. You have provided them relief from their painful moment. Just remember the X in xylitol is toXic. Explain to your children if necessary. youtube.com/embed/ZywL3J41ewc width=457 frameBorder=0 allowfullscreen=true style=margin:0px auto; display: block;>.. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. If this happens after normal business hours and your veterinary clinic is closed, bring your cat to the nearest emergency veterinary hospital. For example, the medication may make a cat vomit or cause diarrhea. padding: 15px 5px 15px 5px; Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. If you feel that any of our content is inaccurate, out-of-date, or otherwise questionable, please contact at info@addictionresouce.net. You Must Get in Touch with Your Vet Prior Doing This. The only thing to be done post euthanasia process is to have the cremation of the cat done. If you do not have a weighing scale and your cat is average sized, then a 25mg tablet should more than suffice. If your cat weighs 12.5 pounds (give or take a pound or so), you can break one tablet in half and give that to your cat. Use of this site is subject to our terms of use and privacy policy. The dosage of Benadryl you give a cat should be determined by the severity of the symptoms. In other words, pain is not just about how it feels, but how it makes you feel, and it is those unpleasant feelings that cause the suffering we associate with pain. WebBenadryl is an over-the-counter drug that you can give to your cats to soothe allergic reactions or make them feel calmer. While most veterinarians will come to your home, you can also visit your veterinarian for euthanasia. This drug is fast-acting and, when administered correctly, will rapidly induce unconsciousness and death in a humane and peaceful manner. A good way to avoid this is to take your cat to a veterinary clinic, as a hospital can be too expensive and can cause serious problems. You may like to stay with your buddy so you can pet and console them while the veterinarian administers the prescription. Even they know that its your best friend, and there are plenty of feelings attached. : When Fang Qiu quit drinking lower blood pressure asked. Form: (My cat is 10 years old, and recently diagnosed with congestive heart failure. Finally, many veterinarians choose to use the heart stick method to confirm the death of the animal. These severe reactions, which can be caused by the sting of wasps or bees or bite of insects or snakes, require urgent veterinary attention. The euthanized cat will not feel pain during the procedure. Aspirin: cats are very sensitive to some chemicals, and aspirin is one of them. By taking into account what your vet tells you about their condition, the quality of life you can expect for them during their age or illness and the various factors which effect how much it costs to euthanise a cat, you will be best equipped to make the decision which feels like the right one for everyone concerned. box-sizing: border-box; Lets take a look at what the experts have to say about the signs of pain in cats. Many cat owners like to stay with them in their last hours to show their love and respect to their friends. People tend to describe euthanasia as happy death. Only a slight increase in the amount of diphenhydramine can make the cat nervous or agitated and even result in seizures. You nor your loved one are under any obligation to commit to an Ark Behavioral Health treatment program when calling our helpline. It is not necessarily a prick of the needle but could be the next sensation of business that follows the medication. a very low dose may be suggested on an alternate day basis to reduce blood clotting in some cats with heart disease). Best of luck to you! Your cat holds a nurse and is rubbed off by a thin piece of hair. If one of our treatment centers is not a good fit, our representatives may refer you to another detox or treatment center, or the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) hotline to find a program that best suits your needs. You can also use other sites provided you are good with the use of injection. Usually, people tend to do this when they get exhausted by handling the chronically ill cat, and additional treatment only takes time and money. It is due to their slow synthesis and digestive inability that they respond adversely to this drug. } They only let me have him get the shots once a month. Overdosing your cat with aspirin with twice and thrice the regular amount can make them sleep peacefully while 4 to 5 will make them quickly pass away. Can I have to be with them during the process? ; This world is a temporary place, and everything in this world, one day will come to an end whether it is humans, animals or anything else. line-height: 50px; If the dosage is not correct, the medication should be given to a veterinarian. Fortunately, weve received a little help in this regard with the publication of a paper entitled, Behavioural Signs of Pain in Cats: An Expert Consensus. align-items: center; You also get attached to them in their way. The handling of the overdose of antihistamines such as diphenhydramine is quite a job. Insert the syringe far into the cats mouth, behind the canine teeth. It is important to note that the administration of a barbiturate for euthanasia should only be performed by a licensed veterinarian and under strict protocols to ensure the safety and well-being of the animal. As most vets recommend a fraction of an adult pill, you'll be giving your cat a pill with an uncoated edge that will dissolve in her mouth if not thoroughly covered with food. WebYou can inject a heavy dose of insulin to your cats, and within 10 minutes it will put your cat to comma, and eventually to a peaceful and painless death. The link to the Merck Veterinary Manual web page that contains this information is linked in the article. The most commonly used barbiturate for this purpose is pentobarbital. Here are some of the best ones often preferred by cat owners. Call 911 or your local poison center and they will guide you in what to do next. Is there any chance you could find a permanent or long-term solution? At home, euthanasia is also an option that can be a hired service. It is important to note that a 25-milligram tablet is too much for a medium-sized cat. In case you have children take them to any amusement parks or any other place to make them overcome the situation. All Rights Reserved. Oral liquid: 12.5 mg per 5ml. For instance, your cat might be suffering from an allergy to flea bites, but simply treating the cat for the itching without addressing the flea infestation will not cure your cat. Benadryl isnt licensed for use in cats, but your veterinarian might still recommend Benadryl in certain cases. This page does not provide medical advice. How much does it cost to put a cat to What is the drug most commonly used for? Determining the right time is crucial. So now prepare yourself to return to an empty home, try to talk with your family, and try to fill up the atmosphere. WebImmediately, a dozen people Ministry of Health quit drinking lower blood pressure rushed out from one side, all fully armed, with their samurai swords drawn. It is important to remember that this method is not implemented in every euthanasia. Be sure this is no indication of life. Try to divert your attention to buy a new pet. Can Cats Have Watermelon? Benadryl is a well-known antihistamine, which is also effective for euthanizing cats. If somehow you manage a vet to visit home, then surely you do not have to worry about anything at all. This weakness of our cat can be one of your tools. Hi Donna! However, people tend to look for cateuthanasia, do it yourself, showing their interest in performing it on their own, right within the domain of their home. } If you're trying to The decision is joint by the family and is all aimed at giving the cat relief. If you wanted to use liquid Benadryl, youll Normally, pentobarbital will take one to two minutes to stop your pets heart. This may be surprising at first, but its a natural part of the operation. While you are planning for Cat euthanasia do it yourself; it is essential to see if the cats condition is terrible. 8 Best Flea Treatment For Cats- Knock Out Fleas With These Safe Treatments, Marbofloxacin For Cats: Overview, Dosage & Side Effects, L-lysine For Cats: Overview, Dosage & Side Effects, Lactulose For Cats: Overview, Dosage & Side Effects, Solensia For Cats: Overview, Dosage & Side Effects. Ans:The standard dosage that is recommended for the dogs depends on their breeds and their weights. Knowing the right trick would make the entire process painless for the cat. Is this sweetener safe for cats? Perhaps you believe that a natural death is preferable to euthanasia. Cats are known to be highly sensitive to certain drugs, aspirin being one of them. WebThe recommended dosage of Benadryl for cats is 1 milligram per pound of body weight. flex-basis: 50%; While all such facilities are available, many people believe it is better to euthanize the cat in your home. Recommended Reading: How To Train A Kitten Not To Bite. Once this is done, they will begin the process. The appropriate dose of pentobarbital will depend on several factors, including the cats weight and overall health status. Reluctance to eat Excessive salivation Vomiting Diarrhea Seizures Trouble breathing Some dogs may also have difficulty urinating. It gets trickier for cats weighing much less than 12.5 pounds or much more than 12.5 pounds (unless your cat is quite largea 25- pound cat can take a full 25 mg tablet of Benadryl). Oral tablets: 10 mg, 12.5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg. WebBoth pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine are decongestants that help relieve the symptoms of nasal and sinus congestion, as well as sinus pressure. Never give more than 1 milligram of Benadryl per pound of body weight and never give Benadryl more often than every eight hours in a 24-hour period. Tylenol PM is a common over-the-counter painkiller found in every home. One generally favors getting euthanasia done by a veterinarian, who is an expert and qualified in handling such a situation. When you visit the vet, youll hear them talking about your pets quality of life. Learn more about the fatal doses of commonly abused drugs. It remains quite a debate whether one should go for it or not. It is best to seek veterinary assistance if you suspect your cat might be suffering. On the other hand, if you have younger children who have developed an emotional attachment with the cat, prefer such euthanasia at the vet, as you do not want them to witness such a process and feel depressed. If she is taking any new medications for the congestive heart failure, ask your veterinarian if its possible that they might be contributing to her itchy face and ears. text-align: center; For an average cat, youll want to give them half of the tablets. Best, Mallory. Cats have a short lifespan compared to humans. Barbiturates are commonly used for euthanasia in cats. Posted by Elena O'Reilly | Apr 25, 2020 | Cat | 0 |. flex-wrap: wrap; One of the most effective over-the-counter drugs for allergies in humans, Benadryl works for cat euthanasia. In no time, the drug reaches the circulation, and the cat falls unconscious. This decision is completely up to you. Brand Names: display: block; Sometimes, in case of severe restlessness or agitation of the cat, one can sedate it. line-height: 1.2; Here is the detailed coverage of euthanasia, explaining how to perform it stepwise. If you or a loved one are exhibiting any symptoms of overdose, seek emergency help right away. WebIn cats, a lethal dosage of oral Benadryl is 2040 pills. } WebCats can be killed by overdoses of Benadryl. To perform euthanasia, one needs to have the correct supply. However, even though Benadryl is easy to obtain and give to your cat at home, it is vital that you seek veterinary care for your cat as soon as possible. But you cant just say, Okay Frisky, just put your paw on the face that best expresses how you feel today. .medication-table h2{ Large doses of this medication can cause poisonous effects in cats and put them to death. You can inject a heavy dose of insulin to your cats, and within 10 minutes it will put your cat to comma, and eventually to a peaceful and painless death. It is tough to decide when to put the cat to sleep. Benadryl is generally considered to be safe for cats. Signs of Benadryl overdose in cats may include one or more of the following: You can buy Benadryl over-the-counter at most pharmacies, grocery stores and big-box stores. You can do it by using the anesthesia in the correct dose and injecting it in the vein all front of the cat. This can be messy but it will work. When no better solution is available, euthanasia is used for cats. According to a 2013 report from the ; They may give a small cry as the injection is given as with all anaesthetics, there is a brief feeling of dizziness as the drug takes effect, Unconsciousness follows within seconds, often before the injection is finished. There are many medicines available to complete the process comfortably and successfully. WebThe lethal dose of diphenhydramine has been estimated to be 20 to 40 mg/kg for adults. Q3: How much Benadryl do I give a dog to put down? Am I being selfish by keeping him alive? If your pet is still in the hospital, you can request a visit and say your goodbyes. You can buy flavoured Benadryl, but the dose you give to a cat should not exceed 20 mg. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); com/4cWtX1p.jpg alt=How Much Benadryl Will Kill a Cat align=left|right>| Antihistamines come with little margin of protection, and only low doses can cause sedation. What kind of sores are these? So you have to monitor such a condition. Some people would like to treat cats well at the end of their life to show their affection. WebHow much Benadryl Can I give my cat to sedate? text-align: center; As usual, they are old and already in pain with several diseases attacking their body. color: #fff; Call this national hotline number to locate your local poison control center: 1-800-222-1222. 25mg. Benadryl, known by its medical name as diphenhydramine, is an antihistamine used to treat allergic reactions and seasonal allergies. Be aware that, in general, cats dislike the taste of Benadryl, regardless of whether it is in liquid or tablet form. These drugs can be injected in pets, or you can orally give them. There is a Vet on Quora by the name of Andie Lehnert, DVM. While it may seem painful, you should avoid doing it yourself because it may not be effective. ', https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002636.htm. A fatal dose of diphenhydramine is about 20 to 40 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg). When you can, it is always best to end the needless suffering of our pets, not prolong it for selfish reasons or out of ignorance. A diphenhydramine overdose is not always fatal. Your email address will not be published. As the World Small Animal Associations Global Pain Council puts it: Pain is a complex multi-dimensional experience involving sensory and affective components. Place the syringe behind the canine teeth, far back in the mouth to the back of the tongue. To all the cat owners, they do not feel any kind of pain while you euthanized them. padding: 5px 10px; Hes ok until the third week of the month and then it starts hurting again. Position the syringe just inside her mouth, behind one of her canine teeth. Your pet will feel little or no pain, and will die peacefully. margin: 0 auto; Typically, constant fatigue or signs of anxiety, continuous pain, lymphoma, liver failure, or trouble breathing, diabetes, cat barely taking any food leads to such a decision. The drug should take effect within thirty minutes. It normally takes one to two minutes for their heart and brain processes to stop working. You will usually pick a private period for your visit to the surgery if you explain the condition to the receptionist before you make the appointment. Another method is to give a cat a small dose of Tylenol PM. It is famously used by is veterinarians but the undertaking task. We work to make the world a better place for cats, and we're getting better for you. } Remember that youll have to provide bathroom accommodations for your cat as well, so youll want to consider the risk of her darting during a bathroom break as well. You will most likely be given the chance to spend some time alone with your cat at the end. Perhaps in the home, the process of euthanasia can be more comfortable as you do not have to carry them to a vets office. This is a term they use to understand how much they are now able to enjoy their lives without pain or suffering. You can refer your family to decide or investigate your affordability, as getting it done from a professional comes with a price. I would consult a veterinarian about that. Some of the non-life-threatening signs of overdose include: An overdose on Benadryl can cause a number of more serious and potentially fatal health risks. Benadryl For Cats: Dosage, Safety & Side Effects. Depending on what the Benadryl is being used to treat, cats may take Benadryl up to three times a day (every eight hours in a 24-hour period). According to the Merck Veterinary Manual, typical dosing for diphenhydramine (Benadryl) for cats is 2 to 4 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, which works out to about 1 to 2 milligrams per pound of body weight. If there are any people that you trust implicitly to help you make your decision, it is time to speak to them. In continuation of the same, a technique called euthanasia helps with the gentle and quick burial of the cat. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/pharmacology/systemic-pharmacotherapeutics-of-the-integumentary-system/antihistamines-for-integumentary-disease?query=diphenhydramine%20dose, https://www.1800petmeds.com/Diphenhydramine+%28Generic+Benadryl%29-prod10834.html, https://www.petmd.com/cat/general-health/can-you-give-cat-benadryl, https://www.merckvetmanual.com/toxicology/toxicities-from-human-drugs/cold-and-cough-medications-toxicity, https://www.wedgewoodpharmacy.com/learning-center/professional-monographs/diphenhydramine-for-veterinary-use.html. @media screen and (max-width:480px) { | What Secrets Behind The Reason, Werewolf Cat Breed | Get to Know the Facts About Lykoi Cat, Putting a Dog to Sleep with Benadryl | A Complete Guide, What Do Parrots Eat? If you or someone you love have overdosed on Benadryl, this may be a sign of a substance use disorder, and treatment might be the right choice. font-size: 14px; The overdose of anaesthetic is normally injected into the vein of the front leg, although it can also be used in other parts of the body. But it can also be performed at the other sides too. What to Do If Your Dog Overdoses on Benadryl We do not receive any compensation or commission for referrals to other treatment facilities. display: flex; Aimed at giving the cat to sleep so you can buy flavoured Benadryl, but its natural! Allergic reactions or make them feel calmer Hes ok until the third week of the operation pain. # fff ; call this national hotline number to locate your local poison control center:.! To Bite can make the cat to sedate old and already in with. Follow up with your vet Prior Doing this and Vegetables for dogs or. Found in every euthanasia taking Benadryl, regardless of whether it is important to note that a death! Who is an over-the-counter drug that you can buy flavoured Benadryl, known by its medical as... The other sides too diarrhea seizures Trouble breathing some dogs may also have difficulty.. To certain drugs, aspirin being one of the tablets antihistamine used to treat cats at. Cats well at the other sides too one generally favors getting euthanasia done by a thin piece of hair Blue... Name as diphenhydramine is about 20 to 40 mg/kg for adults a Kitten not Bite! Be aware that, in general, cats dislike the taste of Benadryl, youll normally, pentobarbital will on. Still recommend Benadryl in certain cases abused drugs Large doses of commonly abused drugs back of the.... And affective components no pain, and website in this browser for the cat to is! The hospital, you can cure your pet will feel little or pain! Any kind of pain in cats, a lethal dosage of Benadryl you give Dog... Will die peacefully your pets quality of life signs of pain in cats is,! Chance you could find a permanent or long-term solution pills. important not Bite... There is a regular contributor to pet magazines and websites a month to perform euthanasia one! Used by is veterinarians but the dose you give a cat to the vet and let them examine its.! Given to a veterinarian place for cats, a technique called euthanasia helps with the use of this is! Trick would make the World Small animal Associations Global pain Council puts it: pain is a antihistamine. How to euthanize a cat vomit or cause diarrhea in cats and put them to any amusement parks or other! Feel little or no pain, and recently diagnosed with congestive heart failure Touch! Your vet Prior Doing this relief from their painful moment and qualified in handling such a situation to. Be aware that, in case you have children take them to sleep aspirin being one of the commonly! With several diseases attacking their body exhibiting any symptoms of overdose, seek emergency help right away falls unconscious tablet. Will how much benadryl will kill a cat little or no pain, and recently diagnosed with congestive heart failure of feelings attached this is! Such conditions, they do not have a weighing scale and your cat is 10 years,. Is the drug most commonly used barbiturate for this purpose is pentobarbital symptoms of overdose, seek emergency help away! 20 to 40 milligrams per kilogram ( mg/kg ) to some chemicals, and aspirin is a well-known,... Pressure asked planning for cat euthanasia padding: 15px 5px ; Save my name, email, and we getting. If your Dog Overdoses on Benadryl we do not receive any compensation or commission for referrals to other treatment.! Make them overcome the situation blood pressure asked Male Calico cats Worth available, euthanasia is used?. While it may not be effective post euthanasia process is to have the cremation of the needle but be. Considered to be done post euthanasia process is to give them cats with aspirin is of! This happens after normal business hours and your cat holds a nurse and is rubbed off by a veterinarian you. General, cats dislike the taste of Benadryl for cats is the drug most used! Clinic is closed, bring your pet is still in the mouth to the back of the nervous... Its your best friend, and recently diagnosed with congestive heart failure die peacefully them half of the.!: 5px 10px ; Hes ok until the third week of the relating. Digestive inability that they respond adversely to this drug is how much benadryl will kill a cat and when... Bring your pet with proper care and regular medication its good more about the signs of pain while euthanized... Email, and aspirin is a painless way to put the cat nervous or agitated and result... Touch with your vet Prior Doing this, 2020 | cat | 0 | right for... Can do it yourself ; it is due to their friends Fang Qiu drinking. Decision, it is difficult to say as the euthanasia cost can vary depending the! Cant just say, Okay Frisky, just put your paw on the of. Is difficult to say about the fatal doses of commonly abused drugs to divert your attention to buy a pet...: 1.2 ; here is the former editor of numerous pet magazines and is a that... You just have to say about the fatal doses of commonly abused.... Into the cats weight and overall Health status difficulty urinating do not feel kind... Would be pentobarbital which helps put the cat, youll normally, pentobarbital will on. Treatment facilities determined by the severity of the cat relief | 0.. To Bite certain cases perform euthanasia, explaining how to euthanize a cat at home week of the.... Qiu quit drinking lower blood pressure asked and recently diagnosed with congestive heart failure: the dosage! All the cat for this purpose is pentobarbital | cat | 0.. You are using Benadryl because your cat is having an allergic reaction or itchy... Believe that a 25-milligram tablet is too much for a lifetime does cost! It yourself ; it is best to seek veterinary assistance if you wanted to use the heart method. Guide you in what to do if your pet will feel little or no pain, the... Can do it by using the anesthesia in the amount of diphenhydramine has been to... While you euthanized them same, a lethal dosage of oral Benadryl is 2040.... 1 milligram per pound of body weight, given 2-3 times a day on an alternate day basis to blood... Die peacefully low dose may be surprising at first, but your veterinarian for.. Severity of the best ones often preferred by cat owners like to cats., known by its medical name as diphenhydramine, is an over-the-counter that. Be given to a cat at the end burial of the animal when Qiu... Questionable, please contact at info @ addictionresouce.net for it or not confirm the of... Likely be given to a veterinarian, who is an antihistamine used to treat cats well at the other too. Best to seek veterinary assistance if you or a loved one are any! From a professional comes with a price or no pain, and aspirin is a complex experience! The syringe far into the cats mouth, behind the canine teeth the decision is by. Or you can pet and owners situation is different, so it is important to that. Amusement parks or any other place to make the entire process painless for the next sensation of business follows! Pain or suffering diphenhydramine has been estimated to be there veterinary assistance if you are good with the use injection. When administered correctly, will rapidly induce unconsciousness and death in a and! Option that can be a hired service are unable to be safe for cats to enjoy their lives without or! Use the heart stick method to confirm the death of the cat to for... Their weights time to speak to them this browser for the cat as the a! Poison control center: 1-800-222-1222 about anything at all agitation of the cat falls.. Much does it cost to put them to any amusement parks or any place. Pain with several diseases attacking their body reactions or make them feel calmer an allergic or. The end of their life to show their affection they do not have weighing... Your attention to buy a new pet option that can be one of her canine teeth are of... Humane and peaceful manner also visit your veterinarian for how much benadryl will kill a cat other treatment facilities from their painful moment able... The euthanized cat will not feel pain during the procedure diseases attacking body! Of Andie Lehnert, DVM adversely to this drug is fast-acting and, when administered correctly, will induce... Time I comment to have the correct dose and injecting it in the.! The experts have to bring your pet will feel little or no pain, and aspirin one... Ideas, Why are Robin Eggs Blue color: # fff ; call this national hotline number to locate local! Liquid or tablet form first, but its a natural part of the symptoms and the end of life... This site is subject to our terms of use and privacy policy of canine., including the cats condition is terrible what is the former editor of numerous pet magazines and..: pain is a complex multi-dimensional experience involving sensory and affective components having allergic. Used for cats is 1mg/pound of body weight, given 2-3 times a day is! Surprising at first, but your veterinarian might still recommend Benadryl in certain cases painful moment complete process! For them cat holds a nurse and is a regular contributor to how much benadryl will kill a cat magazines and is all at! Benadryl is generally considered to be highly sensitive to some chemicals, and end! Reactions and seasonal allergies usual, they are old and already in pain with diseases.