Nigerian units also contributed to two divisions serving with British forces in Palestine, Morocco, Sicily and Burma, where they won many honours. He was contemptuous of the educated and Westernised African elite found more in the South, and he recommended transferring the capital from Lagos, the cosmopolitan city where the influence of these people was most pronounced, to Kaduna in the north. . Progressive constitutions after World War II provided for increasing representation and electoral government by Nigerians. Decolonization - Jan C. Jansen 2019-06-11 The end of colonial rule in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean was one of the most Ajay. In the 1920s, Nigerians began to form a variety of associations, such as professional and business associations, like the Nigerian Union of Teachers; the Nigerian Law Association, which brought together lawyers, many of whom had been educated in Britain; and the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association, led by Obafemi Awolowo. refusing to pay. Other firms applying for licenses were rejected. Nigeria became an independent state on the October 1, 1960 after being a British colony for over 40 years. Despite conquering villages by burning houses and crops, continual political control over the Igbo remained elusive. [73] An estimated 500,000 Nigerians would lose their lives due to the pandemic, severely decreasing production capabilities on Nigerian farms and plantations. Armed resistance decreased in the 1920s but protest continued, "characterised by civil rights and civil . Lagos remained the capital of the south, with Zungeru the new capital of the north. He definitely laid the basis for British claims. To establish settled government in the newly won districts; To improve and extend native footpaths throughout the country; To construct properly graded roads in the more populated districts; To clear the numerous rivers in the country and make them suitable for launch and canoe traffic; and. A . Whenever a trader had become successful enough to keep a war canoe, he was expected to form his own "house". The company received 865,000 compensation for the loss of its Charter. They received attention from major parties before elections, at which time either a dominant party from another region or the opposition party in their region sought their alliance. By a British Act of Parliament, Nigeria became independent on 1 October 1960. Trained as an army officer, he had served in India, Egypt and East Africa, where he expelled Arab slave traders from Nyasaland and established British presence in Uganda. [46] Lugard was slow to describe these excursions to the Colonial Office, which apparently learned of preparations to attack Kano from the newspapers in December 1902. The receding British presence enabled local officials and politicians to gain access to patronage over government jobs, funds for local development, market permits, trade licenses, government contracts, and even scholarships for higher education. colonizers and passive resistance by refusing to collaborate with the colonizers e .g. He insisted on maintaining the territorial integrity of the Northern Region. Similar status was acquired by the Northern Region two years later. Whereas Lugard had applied lessons learned in the north to the administration of the south, Clifford was prepared to extend to the north practices that had been successful in the south. [31], Captain John Glover, the colony's administrator, created a militia of Hausa troops in 1861. [55], Under the Colonial Office was the Governor, who managed the administration of his colony and held powers of emergency rule. ", Helen Chapin Metz, ed. The most dramatic event having a long-term effect on Nigeria's economic development was the discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits. During his six-year tenure as High Commissioner, Sir Frederick Lugard (as he became in 1901) was occupied with transforming the commercial sphere of influence inherited from the Royal Niger Company into a viable territorial unit under effective British political control. Although Azikiwe later came to be recognised as the leading spokesman for national unity, when he first returned from university training in the United States, his outlook was pan-African rather than nationalist, and emphasised the common African struggle against European colonialism. Although per capita income in the country as a whole remained low by international standards, rising incomes among salaried personnel and burgeoning urbanization expanded consumer demand for imported goods. Amalgamation of Nigeria was envisioned from early on in its governance, as is made clear by the report of the Niger Committee in 1898. As a historical event, anticolonialism means the struggle against imperial rule in colonized countries, mostly during the first half of the twentieth century. Among the other major parties, the NCNC took fifty-six seats, winning a majority in both the Eastern and the Western regions, while the Action Group captured only twenty-seven seats. [22] Many locals remained unconvinced of the Crown's authority to completely reverse the legal and moral attributes of a social institution through fiat. The most powerful figure in the party was Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto. This was because; education in Southern Nigeria was already leading to a level of awareness and militancy or resistance to colonial rule. But in the 1700s, the Bight of Benin (also known as the Slave Coast) became the next most important hub. After 1940, political activities were broadened to include more people. Beecroft agreed on condition that the slave trade be abolished, and British merchants have a monopoly in commodities. Traditional authorities were co-opted in the north, where the spread of Western education by Christian missionaries was strongly resisted by Muslim leaders. In 1907, the corporation received a loan of 25,000, repayable upon discovery of oil. European colonialists had managed to quell the efforts by Africans to resist the establishment of colonial rule with one exception. The Portuguese sold slaves as a way to "obtain spices and weapons in other areas" (Alme). The most important of these was a near fetish with indirect rule that was supposed to facilitate a cheap and effective ruling strategy. Macaulay was despised by the British, but he came to be regarded as the father of modern Nigerian nationalism.. The war also made the British reappraise Nigeria's political future. The government was responsible to a Parliament composed of the popularly elected 312-member House of Representatives and the 44-member Senate, chosen by the regional legislatures. Economic links among the regions increased, but indirect rule tended to discourage political interchange. Ethnic and kinship organisations that often took the form of a tribal union also emerged in the 1920s. [67], This system, in which the structure of authority focused on the emir to whom obedience was a mark of religious devotion, did not welcome change. [63], The Protectorate was centrally administered by the Colonial Civil Service, staffed by Britons and Africans called the British Native Staffmany of whom originated from outside the territory. With the exception of Brandenburg-Prussia's short-lived attempt to gain a foothold on the West African coast and to participate in the 17th-century transatlantic slave trade, German colonialism began only in the 1880s. "The Hidden Hand of Overrule: Political Agents and the Establishment of British Colonial Rule in Northern Nigeria, 18861914". Its residents were employed in official capacities and were active in business. Hon. Nigeria's potential in the Post-Colonial Era. There were numerous differences of detail among the regional systems, but all adhered to parliamentary forms and were equally autonomous in relation to the Nigerian federal government at Lagos. In the immediate post-World War II period, Nigeria benefited from a favourable trade balance. Formal diplomatic relations were established with the opening of the American Embassy in Lagos and of the Nigerian Embassy in Washington, both on 1 October 1960, the same day which Nigeria acquired its independence from British rule. Algeria fought back and eventually was granted self rule and nigeria was put down and never got independance. The Lander brothers were seized by slave traders in the interior and sold down the river to a waiting European ship. Balewa formed a coalition government that included the Action Group as well as the NCNC to prepare the country for the final British withdrawal. Over the next decades as colonial rule became institutionalized, African resistance to colonialism became more focused and intense. He was prepared to introduce educational and economic changes to strengthen the north. Other European powers acknowledged Britain's dominance over the area in the 1885 Berlin Conference. Colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British Empire from the mid-nineteenth century until 1960 when Nigeria achieved independence. Political leaders resorted to the use of political parties and the media to mobilize millions of Nigerians against the continuation of British rule. By 18261850, the British Royal Navy was intervening significantly with Lagos slave exports. A lack of interest in extending the NPC beyond the Northern Region corresponded to this strictly regional orientation. Ethnic cleavages intensified in the 1950s. The Sokoto jihad and the Yoruba wars stimulated the slave trade at a time when the British were actively trying to stop it. This led to protests known as Women's War. The discussion of pragmatic resistance in Africa comes full circle with the former Portuguese colonies, South Africa, and Kenya. [42], The British had difficulty conquering Igboland, which lacked a central political organisation. The Colonial Era (1882-1960) British colonialism began under the pretense of policing the slave trade. [73] The colonial government would enact new legislation in reaction to the pandemic including, travel passes for individuals in the colony, increased usage of sanitary practices, and door to door checks on indigenous Nigerian households. Earlier elements related to this were its founding of the Sierra Leone Colony in 1787 as a refuge for freed slaves, the independent missionary movement intended to bring Christianity to the Edo Kingdom, and programs of exploration sponsored by learned societies and scientific groups, such as the London-based African Association. Britain annexed Lagos in 1861 and established the Oil River Protectorate in 1884. In the 1870s, therefore, George Taubman Goldie began amalgamating companies into the United African Company, soon renamed the National African Company. In 1794, the African Association in Great Britain commissioned Mungo Park, an intrepid Scottish physician and naturalist, to search for the headwaters of the Niger and follow the river downstream. Under Goldie's direction, the Royal Niger Company was instrumental in depriving France and Germany of access to the region. As its head, the master trader taxed other traders who were members of his "house"; he maintained a war vessel, a large dugout canoe that could hold several tons of cargo and dozens of crew, for the defense of the harbor. Broadening political participation and expanding educational opportunities and other social services also were viewed as threats to the status quo. In Nigeria, the British colonial administration found perhaps the longest-lasting resistance movement. After 1900, Europe began to introduce changes to colonial rule in an effort to increase revenues from the colonies. Other commercial crops, such as cocoa and rubber, were encouraged, and tin was mined on the Jos Plateau. [19][41], In 18961897 the forces of the Niger Coast Protectorate fought with the remnants of the Edo Empire. In 1851 deposed king Akintoye of Lagos sought British help in restoring him to the throne. Clifford emphasized economic development, encouraging enterprises by immigrant southerners in the north while restricting European participation to capital intensive activity. Gandhi. The transfer of responsibility for budgetary management from the central to the regional governments in 1954 accelerated the pace of public spending on services and on development projects. The British turned to Persia for oil.[83]. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. Ouidah (now part of Benin) and Lagos were the major ports on the coast. Wartime experiences provided a new frame of reference for many soldiers, who interacted across ethnic boundaries in ways that were unusual in Nigeria. To prevent any united opposition to its authority, the British adopted a divide-and-rule policy, keeping Nigerian groups separate from one another as much as possible. The NCNC backed creation of a midwest state and proposed federal control of education and health services. Not wishing to appear out of control or weak, they approved the expedition (two days after it began) on 19 January 1903.,[47] In general, the Colonial Office allowed Lugard's expeditions to continue because they were framed as retaliatory and, as Olivier commented in 1906, "If the millions of people [in Nigeria] who do not want us there once get the notion that our people can be killed with impunity they will not be slow to attempt it."[48]. The yoruba-Igbo rivalry became increasingly important in Nigerian politics. Robin Hermann, "Empire Builders and Mushroom Gentlemen: The Meaning of Money in Colonial Nigeria". The southern protectorate was divided into two provinces in 1939Western and Easternand in 1954 they, along with the northern protectorate, were renamed the Western, Eastern, and Northern regions as part of Nigerias reconstruction into a federal state. The risings in the midwest of Nigeria and the Niger delta during the early stages of the war cannot be understood except in the context of falling prices for palm products, and the drop in trade due to the exclusion of the . Some of them also manned Company stations and served as District Agents.". Some European traders switched to legitimate business only when the commerce in slaves became too hazardous. The only significant interruption in economic development arose from natural disasterthe Great Drought of 191314. You are right my brother. 1324 Words6 Pages. [49], Concrete plans for transition to Crown ruledirect control by the British Governmentapparently began in 1897. Three of these posts were assigned to representatives from each region, and one was reserved for a delegate from the Northern Cameroons. Agents also collected intelligence for the colonial officials; they gathered information on public opinion and the military resources of the local polities; they also spied on rival colonial forces in foreign territories. Another court was established in 1856 at Calabar, based on an agreement with local Efik traders which prohibited them from interfering with British merchants. Its architecture was in both Victorian and Brazilian style, as many of the black elite were English-speakers from Sierra Leone and freedmen repatriated from the Empire of Brazil and Spanish Cuba. At the urging of Governor Frederick Lugard, the two territories were amalgamated as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, while maintaining considerable regional autonomy among the three major regions (Northern protectorate, Southern protectorate and the Colony of Lagos). [19] Although the Ijebu had some weapons they were wiped out by British Maxims, the earliest machine gun. what were negative effects of colonial rule in african continent. Central Africa to 1964. In April 1927, the British colonial government in Nigeria took measures to enforce the Native Revenue (Amendment) Ordinance. British colonialism created Nigeria, but did little to make it a viable, stable, self-sustaining national entity. British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston detested slavery, and in 1851 he took advantage of divisions in native politics, the presence of Christian missionaries, and the maneuvers of British consul John Beecroft to encourage the overthrow of the regime. After the defection of Kano, the only significant disagreement within the NPC was related to moderates. Further dislocation accompanied the outbreak of World War I. African Resistance to Colonial Rule (Talten, Africana Age) LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE The British, when faced with dissent, tended to grant political reforms in an effort to dispel the attractiveness of more-radical suggestions. Nigeria Table of Contents. This became the Lagos Constabulary, and subsequently the Nigerian Police Force. [77] Its revenue quickly increased, from 4,424 in 1901 to 274,989 in 1910. British and French traders did a large share of this business until 1807 when they were replaced by the Portuguese and the Spaniards. He argued that the division into two separate colonies was advisable unless a stronger central government could bind Nigeria into more than just an administrative convenience for the three regions. In the south the British occasionally created a political hierarchy where there had been none before; in most cases they ruled through those who were most malleable, whether these people had held traditional positions of authority or not. In practice, British administrative procedures under indirect rule entailed constant interaction between colonial authorities and local rulersthe system was modified to fit the needs of each region. . On January 1, 1914, following the recommendations of Sir Frederick Lugard, the two protectorates were amalgamated to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria under a single governor-general resident in Lagos. After the Berlin Conference of 1884, Britain announced the formation of the Oil Rivers Protectorate, which included the Niger Delta and extended eastward to Calabar, where the British Consulate General was relocated from Fernando Po. In the Bight of Biafra, the major ports were Old Calabar (Akwa Akpa), Bonny and New Calabar. The Eastern region was dominated by Azikiwe and the Western one by Chief Obafemi Awolowo, a Yoruba lawyer who in 1950 founded the Action Group. They, in turn, have by defeat lost their rule which has come into the hands of the British. [82], Oil exploration began in 1906 under John Simon Bergheim's Nigeria Bitumen Corporation, to which the Colonial Office granted exclusive rights. However, development of the Nigerian oilfields slowed when Bergheim died in a car crash in September 1912. Retrieved October 11, 2014 from. Elliot J. Berg, "The Development of a Labour Force in Sub-Saharan Africa"; France sold Louisiana to the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Military history of Nigeria during World War II, National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits, "The Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954", "Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs' town ruined by the British", A Very Bloody Transaction: Old Calabar and the Massacre of 1767, The Impact of the Slave Trade on African Economies, "Managing Epidemic: The British Approach to 19181919 Influenza in Lagos", "The Nigerian Victory Against The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and 1897 Smallpox Epidemic", "African Pentecostalism and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: The Supernatural Amid the Fearful and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic", "The influenza pandemic of 191819 and the spread of cassava cultivation on the lower Niger: a study in historical linkages", Google Cultural Institute: Birth of the Nigerian Colony, 18511914, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Nigeria&oldid=1136412842. It was replaced by a new coalition government led by David Lloyd George featuring Conservatives and Lloyd George's supporters in the Liberal Party, while Asquith and the remainder of the Liberals entered opposition.[69]. [57], From 1895 to 1900, a railway was constructed running from Lagos to Ibadan; it opened in March 1901. The impact of colonialism in Nigeria could be discussed under political, economic, social, educational and religious aspects. The legitimate trade in commodities attracted a number of British merchants to the Niger River, as well as some men who had been formerly engaged in the slave trade but who now changed their line of wares. He shows that, long before the growth of a mass independence movement in the wake of the second world war, there was considerable opposition to colonial rule. PhD dissertation accepted at the Graduate Programme in History, York University, Ontario. 1960-1966: Early diplomatic relations. [76], The British treasury initially supported the landlocked Northern Nigeria Protectorate with grants, totalling 250,000 or more each year. (Specifically it would enable direct subsidy of the less profitable Northern jurisdiction.) [11], The British led a series of military campaigns to enlarge its sphere of influence and expand its commercial opportunities. Both Africans and Europeans found illegal supplies such as secret stills, obtaining colonial liquor permits, and smuggling. They had obtained the assent of the emirs to form a political party to counterbalance the activities of the southern-based parties. [32], In 1880, the British Government and traders demonetised the Maria Theresa dollar, to the considerable dismay of its local holders, in favour of the pound sterling. Bright Alozie. The central government, presided over by the governor-general and accountable to the secretary for the colonies in London, was more powerful but distant from the people. From 1815 to 1840, palm oil exports increased by a factor of 25, from 800 to 20,000 tons per year. Subsequent revisions contained in the Lyttleton Constitution, enacted in 1954, firmly established the federal principle and paved the way for independence. Two tiers of government emerged, central and local. In the 1850s, quinine had been found to combat malaria, and aided by the medicine, a Liverpool merchant, Macgregor Laird, opened the river. Each region had a governor, premier, cabinet, legislature, and civil service, with the significantly weaker federal government represented in Lagos by a governor-general, bureaucracy, House of Representatives, and Senate. Combining the three jurisdictions would reduce administrative expenses and facilitate deployment of resources and money between the areas. Published August 7, 2020. British expansion accelerated in the last decades of the nineteenth century. 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